Introduction to Instruments: Generalized measurement system; application of generalized measurement system; static and dynamic characteristics of instruments - accuracy; precision; linearity; sensitivity; resolution; hysteresis; calibration. Errors in Measurements: classification of measurement error and elimination of errors in measurements. Pressure measurement, flow rate measurement, pyrometers and thermocouples Sensors and Transducers: Active and passive transducers; characteristics; eddy current sensors; piezoelectric transducers; photoelectric and photovoltaic sensors; capacitive sensors; potentiometer; pressure gauges; Linear viable Differential Transformers (LVDT) for measurement of pressure and displacement; resistance temperature detectors; thermal sensors-thermistors; thermocouples. Testing and Measuring Instruments: Analog multimeter; measurement of resistance–Kelvin’s double bridge; Wheatstone bridge; mega ohm bridge; measurement of inductance–Maxwell bridge, Hey bridge; Measurement of capacitance – Schering bridge; Q-meter; energy meter; power meter. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Principle of operation; CRO specifications; sweep modes, delay line, single and dual beam CROs, Chop and alternate modes. CRO measurement of voltage, frequency, phase difference; use of Lissajous figures in the detection of frequency and phase; Digital storage Oscilloscope. Wave Analyzers: Distortion and Harmonic analyzers, Data acquisition and Digital Instruments: single channel and multichannel PC-based instruments; digital displays; Digital multimeter.