Preparation of common laboratory reagents; Permanent preparation and mounting of small stained and unstained zoological specimen; Tissue fixation techniques; preparation of common fixatives and preservatives; Microtomy: components; operation and maintenance of rotary microtome; Methods of tissue processing and embedding in paraffin-manual and automated systems; Cutting and mounting of paraffin sections; Principles of biological staining and preparation of routine histological stains; Basic histochemical techniques; Methods of preservation of animals: Wet preparation and mounting in glass/polythene jars; dry preparation; stuffing and mounting birds and mammalian specimen; Osteological techniques; Microphotography and micromorphometric methods; Collection and preservation of botanical specimen; Introduction to Nomenclature; principles of identification; Sectioning and staining; Preparation of main botanical reagents and media; Herbarium techniques. Practicals.