Water potential and water relations in plants; Diffusion and osmosis. Laws of thermodynamics; mineral absorption; Phloem transport; Transpiration. Photosynthesis: C3; C4; and CAM pathways. Photorespiration; Photosynthesis and crop production; Factors affecting photosynthesis; Endogenous plant hormones: discovery; chemistry; biosynthesis; extraction; bioassay; interaction; mode of action and applications. Recent advances in photosynthesis research; Respiration; electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation; The pentose pathway; Factors affecting respiration. Practicals.