Properties of gases: Kinetic molecular theory of gases, ideal gas laws, deviation from ideality and Van der Waal’s equation, Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution. Physical equilibria: Raoult’s Law and its application to distillation. Solid – liquid equilibrium (SLE), colligative properties and their application in determination relative molecular mass. Liquid – liquid equilibrium (LLE) between two immiscible liquids, the distribution law and steam distillation. Chemical equilibria: Reversible chemical reaction; equilibrium constants and their dependence on concentration and pressures; Le Chatelier’s Principle. Ionic equilibria: Ionization of water, acids, bases and salts; pH and buffer solutions; Theory of scid/base indicators. Solubility and solubility products. Factors affecting solubility. Electrochemistry: Electrochemical processes, half reactions, standard cells and electrode potential, electromotive force (EMF) of a cell. Introduction to elemental qualitative and quantitative analysis: Determination of empirical and molecular formulas of organic and inorganic compounds: Determination of the elemental composition, determination of the empirical formulae, determination of molecular formulae, mole concept, stoichiometry, combustion analysis. Practicals will include measurements, vapour pressure determinations, titrimetric methods and solubility products.